Chapter 01: Anthropology in a Global Age

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	Archaeology is the study of cultures in the human past, focusing on
a.	Europe and Middle Eastern cultures.	c.	any human material remains.	
b.	African and Asian cultures.	d.	any human burial sites.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Understanding		

	2.	What type of anthropologist studies people from a perspective that considers how humans have adapted to their environments?
a.	physical anthropologist	c.	cultural anthropologist	
b.	environmental anthropologist	d.	evolutionary anthropologist	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	3.	Anthropology looks at the complete diversity of human life across space and time, which requires a strong
a.	belief in the value of other cultures.	
b.	belief in one’s own culture.	
c.	belief in the value of globalization.	
d.	ability to evaluate others on the basis of one’s own beliefs.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Analyzing

	4.	Which subfield of anthropology traces the history of human evolution in fossils?
a.	prehistoric archaeology	c.	evolutionary archaeology	
b.	primatology	d.	paleoanthropology	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Analyzing

	5.	Ethnographic fieldwork is the primary research strategy of which field?
a.	archaeology	c.	historic ethnology	
b.	biological anthropology	d.	cultural anthropology	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	REF:	What Is Anthropology?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	6.	The primary distinction between historic archaeologists and prehistoric archaeologists is that the former have access to
a.	larger numbers of artifacts.	c.	works of art.	
b.	written records.	d.	burial sites.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Difficult	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Understanding		

	7.	Who studies how language changes over time?
a.	historic linguists	c.	descriptive linguists	
b.	sociolinguists	d.	linguistic archaeologists	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	8.	What is considered the most distinctive feature of being human?
a.	tool use	c.	bipedal locomotion	
b.	the wheel	d.	language	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	9.	Cultural anthropologists employ the process of ethnology to
a.	challenge ethnocentrism.	c.	change other cultures.	
b.	challenge ethnographic authority.	d.	compare cultures.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	10.	Prehistoric archaeologists use material remains in order to reconstruct
a.	human behavior.	c.	garbage dumps.	
b.	written records.	d.	burial sites.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Understanding		

	11.	William Rathje’s garbage study to analyze the behavior of residents of Tucson, Arizona, is an example of
a.	classical archaeology.	c.	garbology.	
b.	ethnographic fieldwork.	d.	historic archaeology.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Applying

	12.	The so-called “N-word” might be most likely studied for its origins, uses, and meaning by a
a.	descriptive linguist.	c.	biological anthropologist.	
b.	historic linguist.	d.	sociolinguist.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Analyzing

	13.	People are biological creatures as well as rational human beings. In order to gain a complete understanding of any aspect of human behavior, the field of anthropology adopts what strategy?
a.	the four-field approach	c.	sociobiology	
b.	cultural evolution	d.	ethnobiology	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Understanding		

	14.	In late nineteenth-century debates on American immigration, many scholars and government officials privileged immigrants from northern Europe over those from southern Europe, such as Italians and Greeks, because the officials felt these southern people were a separate and inferior biological race with primitive ways. This is an example of
a.	elitism.	c.	genocide.	
b.	ethnocentrism.	d.	ethnocide.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Difficult	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Applying

	15.	In the study of immigration, anthropologists look at physical differences between populations, how the groups involved conceive of themselves and others, what they say about those other groups, and how these groups relate to others in the past. This is an example of what aspect of anthropology?
a.	ethnology	c.	elitism	
b.	globalization	d.	holism	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Applying

	16.	The study of fossils and ancient DNA to trace changes in human ancestors over time involves which specialization of anthropology?
a.	prehistoric archaeology	c.	paleoanthropology	
b.	forensic anthropology	d.	historic archaeology	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Applying

	17.	How men and women use language differently and how this regularly leads to miscommunication between them would demand a close examination of the cultural context of language. This would be the work of what type of anthropologist?
a.	genderist	c.	historical linguist	
b.	sociolinguist	d.	descriptive linguist	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Applying

	18.	The belief that one’s own culture or way of life is normal and natural, and viewing the different practices of other people as strange and unnatural, is called
a.	myopia.	c.	narrow-mindedness.	
b.	relativism.	d.	ethnocentrism.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	19.	Cultural anthropologists like to hang out with the people they are studying as they work, celebrate, dance, or play games, and ask lots of questions while they are doing it. This is known as
a.	ethnology.	c.	cultural anthropology.	
b.	participant observation.	d.	cognitive study.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	20.	An anthropologist who has conducted fieldwork on Mormon fundamentalists and their marriage patterns wants to now compare those patterns to those of Muslim tradition. This would require
a.	conducting ethnological analysis.	
b.	undertaking comprehensive holistic analysis.	
c.	carrying out additional ethnographic fieldwork.	
d.	locating informants who are both Mormon and Muslim.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Difficult	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Applying

	21.	The Latin language of ancient Rome is no longer spoken routinely. What kind of work is needed to examine how Latin changed into the Romance languages of today (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and Italian)?
a.	descriptive linguistics	c.	classical linguistics	
b.	comparative research	d.	historic linguistics	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Applying

	22.	Participant observation as a research strategy is an essential part of
a.	historic linguistics.	c.	primatology.	
b.	cultural anthropology.	d.	descriptive linguistics.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Understanding		

	23.	Some anthropologists explore all aspects of living human culture—from war and violence to love, sexuality, and child rearing—and look at the meanings that people from all over the world place on these things. They are known as
a.	ethnologists.	c.	sociologists.	
b.	sociolinguists.	d.	cultural anthropologists.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Understanding		

	24.	Anthropologists take a comprehensive approach to understanding human beings, and this is accomplished through
a.	exploring the past.	c.	looking at biology.	
b.	the four-field approach.	d.	participant observation.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Understanding		

	25.	Anthropology often explores genetics and evolution and looks at our closest relatives in the animal kingdom to gain a greater understanding of what it means to be human. This work is known as
a.	evolutionary biology.	c.	primatology.	
b.	physical anthropology.	d.	sociobiology.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	26.	When we attempt to study languages and their component parts, we are
a.	descriptive linguists.	c.	sociolinguists.	
b.	cultural anthropologists.	d.	language specialists.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	27.	What kind of researchers work to record languages that are disappearing by finding the last speakers and making recordings and dictionaries to preserve them for the future and for language revitalization?
a.	descriptive linguists	c.	cultural anthropologists	
b.	salvage anthropologists	d.	sociolinguists	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Applying

	28.	Ancient rift valleys and deep caves often contain human fossils, which can provide clues about both the lives of our ancient human ancestors as well as a deeper understanding of human evolution. An anthropologist who examines just the human evolutionary aspect of fossils is a
a.	prehistoric archaeologist.	c.	paleoanthropologist.	
b.	Darwinian anthropologist.	d.	paleoprimatologist.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Applying

	29.	What field of anthropology studies monkeys and apes but not human beings?
a.	evolutionary biology	c.	paleoprimatology	
b.	paleoanthropology	d.	primatology	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	30.	The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people understand each other define what aspect of anthropology?
a.	ethnology	c.	holism	
b.	fieldwork	d.	inclusivity	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	REF:	What Is Anthropology?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Understanding		

	31.	Who describes spoken languages and preserves them as written languages?
a.	historic linguists	c.	ethnolinguists	
b.	descriptive linguists	d.	sociolinguists	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	32.	Which discipline of anthropology studies human beings in the present and from the past through the excavation and analysis of human material artifacts?
a.	archaeology	c.	physical anthropology	
b.	cultural anthropology	d.	ethnology	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Remembering		

	33.	Human beings have long been migrant, moving themselves, their material goods, and even ideas from one part of the world to another. This process, which today we call globalization, seems different than in the past due in part to
a.	time-space compression.	c.	intensification.	
b.	increasing migration.	d.	technology.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Understanding

	34.	The theory of time-space compression suggests that the way we think about time and space has been transformed. This is said to be the result of
a.	flexible time scales.	
b.	rapid economic growth.	
c.	rapid discoveries about Earth and the solar system.	
d.	rapid innovation of communication and transportation.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Remembering

	35.	When companies move their production facilities around the world to take advantage of cheaper labor and lower taxes, this is called
a.	marginal exploitation.	c.	labor-tax compression.	
b.	technological migration.	d.	flexible accumulation.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Remembering

	36.	Global poverty has risen dramatically over the past twenty years and is generally considered a sign of
a.	economic elitism.	c.	marginalization.	
b.	uneven development.	d.	neocolonialism.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Understanding

	37.	The dramatic transformations of economics, politics, and culture are characteristic of what dynamic of contemporary globalization?
a.	uneven development	c.	rapid change	
b.	dynamic expansion	d.	time-space compression	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Remembering

	38.	Many large corporations—Walmart, General Motors, and others—today routinely operate larger numbers of factories in places like China in order to take advantage of very cheap wages. This is an example of
a.	uneven development.	c.	flexible accumulation.	
b.	workload migration.	d.	global expansion.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Applying

	39.	Changes in communication technology that have allowed military spouses to switch from mailing letters to their partners in Afghanistan to chatting with them on Skype are an example of what dynamic of globalization?
a.	Internet communication	c.	flexible adaptation	
b.	technological accumulation	d.	time-space compression	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Applying

	40.	South Korea has developed very rapidly—huge corporations make vast amounts of money and most workers enjoy a high standard of living. At the same time, the vast majority of people in Guatemala are plagued by extreme poverty, violence, and poor living conditions. This is an example of
a.	uneven development.	c.	elitism.	
b.	differential monetization.	d.	marginalization.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Applying

	41.	Nepali workers building roads in India, Filipino maids in Saudi Arabia, and Turkish street repairmen in Germany are examples of which global dynamic?
a.	time-space compression	c.	international migration	
b.	uneven development	d.	increasing migration	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Applying

	42.	The dramatic impact of globalization in the past and even more so today is driven by what kind of changes?
a.	internal and external migration patterns	
b.	perceptions of time and space	
c.	greenhouse gases and weather patterns	
d.	transportation and communication technologies	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Understanding

	43.	What key dynamic of globalization is characterized by movement of people not only between countries but also within the individual countries themselves?
a.	ease of transportation	c.	increasing migration	
b.	flexible accumulation	d.	population drive	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Remembering

	44.	The author states that pollution, population growth, climate change, and overfishing are serious issues, and nature may not be able to adapt to
a.	human activity.	c.	global warming.	
b.	glacial activity.	d.	intensification.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Remembering

	45.	Anthropology developed during an intense period of globalization in the ________ century.
a.	eighteenth	c.	nineteenth	
b.	sixteenth	d.	seventeenth	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Compare how nineteenth-century globalization initiated anthropology with how contemporary globalization has changed anthropology.	MSC:	Remembering		

	46.	Many people believe that the impact of human activity on the earth is not the major problem that others see today. Such beliefs that one’s own culture or way of life is normal and natural is known as
a.	consensus.	c.	ethnocentrism.	
b.	conventionality.	d.	normalcy.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Compare how nineteenth-century globalization initiated anthropology with how contemporary globalization has changed anthropology.	MSC:	Remembering		

	47.	In order to understand how any group of people lives in our global world today, it is necessary to explore not only the customs, beliefs, and other aspects of their local culture but also
a.	political systems.	c.	production and exchange systems.	
b.	global influences.	d.	religion and belief systems.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	How Is Globalization Transforming Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Compare how nineteenth-century globalization initiated anthropology with how contemporary globalization has changed anthropology.	MSC:	Remembering		

	48.	Research that compares multiple communities to examine links between them is referred to as
a.	cross-linked.	c.	globalized.	
b.	multisited.	d.	bilocational.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	How Is Globalization Transforming Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Compare how nineteenth-century globalization initiated anthropology with how contemporary globalization has changed anthropology.	MSC:	Remembering		

	49.	Global forces are expanding rapidly and moving into local communities everywhere. The author notes that many people in local communities respond with
a.	active resistance.	c.	immigration restrictions.	
b.	religious zeal.	d.	violence.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	How Is Globalization Transforming Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Compare how nineteenth-century globalization initiated anthropology with how contemporary globalization has changed anthropology.	MSC:	Remembering		

	50.	It is impossible to study a local community today without considering the effect of
a.	climate change.	c.	increased migration.	
b.	diversity.	d.	global forces.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	How Is Globalization Transforming Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Compare how nineteenth-century globalization initiated anthropology with how contemporary globalization has changed anthropology.	MSC:	Understanding		

	51.	Today, environmental issues can have a deep impact on local communities and are often severely aggravated by companies taking advantage of lax environmental regulations in those same communities. What aspect of globalization does this demonstrate?
a.	environment dodging	c.	increasing immigration	
b.	corruption	d.	rapid change	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	
REF:	How Is Globalization Transforming Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Compare how nineteenth-century globalization initiated anthropology with how contemporary globalization has changed anthropology.	MSC:	Applying

ESSAY

	1.	Describe how changes in transportation technology in the nineteenth century led to the development of anthropology.

ANS:	
Advances in transportation technology rapidly transformed long-distance movement of people and goods. This allowed regular travel and trade to new and varied places. Merchants, missionaries, and government officials came back with tales and artifacts of the incredible diversity of human cultures and appearances they had encountered. Anthropology developed as people began to try to understand this diversity.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	What Is Anthropology?	
OBJ:	Compare how nineteenth-century globalization initiated anthropology with how contemporary globalization has changed anthropology.	MSC:	Analyzing

	2.	Describe how local communities react to global forces influencing and mingling with local cultures. Support your description with an example from class.

ANS:	
People in local communities redefine many aspects of their personal lives, they embrace new opportunities, and they actively resist changes they see as having a negative effect on their lives. In the case of the Coca Cola plant in India, the company drained and contaminated the aquifer, so local people began to protest and withdrew the plant’s license. The company got support from local government, but the people gained international support and eventually took the case to the highest state court, which ruled that the factory had to cease illegal extraction of groundwater.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	How Is Globalization Transforming Anthropology?
OBJ:	Compare how nineteenth-century globalization initiated anthropology with how contemporary globalization has changed anthropology.	MSC:	Analyzing

	3.	Explain how anthropologists have had to adapt to the impact of global forces on the communities they study.

ANS:	
The author states it is no longer possible to study any community without studying the global forces that affect it. Anthropologists have adapted by studying local communities and following the effects of global forces through multisited ethnographies. This allows anthropologists to get a comprehensive view of the community and its unique situation. The author found that in order to study the Chinese community in New York, it was necessary to go to China to get a complete understanding of Chinese communities and population movement.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	How Is Globalization Transforming Anthropology?
OBJ:	Compare how nineteenth-century globalization initiated anthropology with how contemporary globalization has changed anthropology.	MSC:	Analyzing

	4.	Explain why anthropologists study nonhuman primates, such as apes and monkeys.

ANS:	
In order to understand which aspects of human physiology and behavior are uniquely human and which attributes are legacies of our primate heritage, it is necessary to study our closest living relatives. The study of nonhuman primates gives us clues about our human behavior and the shared behavior of all primates. Careful observation of primates in their natural habitats and captivity has offered significant insights into sexuality, parenting, male and female differences, cooperation, intergroup conflict, and aggression. These insights can also help us understand what the behavior of human ancestors may have been like.

DIF:	Difficult	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Analyzing

	5.	Compare and contrast how historic and prehistoric archaeologists investigate past human life, and explain what insights can be gained.

ANS:	
Both prehistoric and historic archaeologists locate, excavate, and analyze material remains or artifacts of past human activity. Prehistoric archaeologists use the remains of everyday activities to reconstruct family life and work life, such as what kinds of foods humans ate and what types of tools they used. Burial sites provide information on how they treated their elders and the dead. Evidence can also suggest trade patterns, consumption habits, gender roles, and power stratification. Historic archaeology adds written or oral records to the interpretation of artifacts and physical remains. These allow a much wider array of investigations and much deeper analysis because they have records such as deeds, census forms, personal letters, diaries, and other accounts to add insight into topics such as the lives of African slaves in the American South and global warming and climate change.

DIF:	Difficult	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Analyzing

	6.	Explain the difference between a descriptive linguist and a sociolinguist. If you knew the last speaker of a language and wanted to preserve that language, who would you call and why?

ANS:	
Descriptive linguists describe and record spoken languages and save them as written languages, while sociolinguists study language in its social and cultural context. Trying to save the language would be the domain of the descriptive linguist, who records and describes languages in order to construct a written language. Once you have a written language, you can preserve dictionaries, poetry, and stories of all sorts by simply writing them down. This makes it possible to save them for posterity. Languages have been brought back from the dead to millions of speakers. An example would be the Hebrew language of Israel.

DIF:	Difficult	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Analyzing

	7.	Bronislaw Malinowski spent two years doing participant observation among the people of the Trobriand Islands, and there he learned about the islanders’ beliefs and customs regarding trade, warfare, marriage, sex, and death. What kind of anthropologist was Malinowski? Explain how participant observation works and what kind of information it provides. Name another topic you could study this way and how you would do it.

ANS:	
Malinowski was a cultural anthropologist. Participant observation works by living and working with a group of people for an extended period of time and asking lots of questions. It gives one information about the complex systems of power and meaning that all people construct. One can study almost any topic using this approach, so any reasonable example of a topic and strategy that involves working closely with people would be good.

DIF:	Difficult	
REF:	Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?
OBJ:	Describe the four fields of the discipline of anthropology and how they form its holistic approach.	MSC:	Analyzing

	8.	Time-space compression is one of the key dynamics of globalization. Explain just exactly what time-space compression is and how it works, and give an example.

ANS:	
Time-space compression is the result of rapid innovation in transportation and communication technology, and it has transformed how we think about space and time. Things like jet travel, superhighways, telephones, fax machines, computers, and the Internet have changed our sense of how long things take and how far away things are. At the turn of the twentieth century, it took weeks to get from San Francisco to Paris, but today it takes less than a day. With cell phones and satellites, it is possible to talk to a person in any part of the world at any time, even if he or she is on the opposite side of the planet. The text gives the example of a company in Sierra Leone, West Africa, which processes traffic tickets issued in New York City.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Analyzing

	9.	The text notes that increasing migration is one of the key dynamics of globalization. Explain where people are moving and why. What effect is this having on people around the world?

ANS:	
People are moving in vast numbers within and between countries, and they are usually moving from rural to urban areas in search of work. In general, they are looking for jobs to improve their lives and the lives of people back home. In China, 120 million people are moving to cities, looking for work on construction projects, in service jobs, and in export-oriented factories. This stretches human relationships across time and space. Migration is building connections between different parts of the world, replacing face-to-face interactions with more remote encounters and potentially reducing the hold of the local environment over people’s lives and imaginations.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Analyzing

	10.	Explain how globalization has enabled flexible accumulation and how it works. Provide an example from class.

ANS:	
Flexible accumulation reflects the fact that advances in transportation and communication have enabled companies to move their production facilities around the world in search of cheaper labor, lower taxes, and fewer environmental regulations—in other words, to be completely flexible in how they accumulate profits. Companies in developed countries move factories to other countries in the developing world. Lower labor and transportation costs along with fewer regulations mean they can then export their goods back to the United States at a much greater profit than if they produced them locally. One good example is Walmart, which went from advertising “Made in America” to having five thousand factories in China, and the members of the Walton family are billionaires because of it.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Analyzing

	11.	One aspect of globalization is uneven development. Explain what this means and how it affects the world. Provide an example from class.

ANS:	
Many people associate globalization with rapid economic development and progress, but globalization has not brought equal development to the world’s people. Fifty percent of the people in the world have cell phones, but the distribution is uneven. Europe, North America, and Asia account for well more than 50 percent of high-tech consumption, while whole areas of Africa are completely marginalized and excluded from the globalization process. Globalization is creating extreme wealth for some people, but it is also creating extreme poverty for others. Even in the United States, the wealthiest country in the world, some full-time workers who earn the minimum wage make so little money that they must rely on state welfare programs for food stamps and medical care for themselves and their children.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Analyzing

	12.	Globalization is driving rapid change in human activities. Give an example of one of these rapid changes and explain the positive and negative effects on the people of the world.

ANS:	
The answer for this question is open but requires an example of rapid change and both a positive and negative effect. For example, changes in transportation technology from horses and sailing ships to automobiles, jets, railroads, and huge modern container ships have enabled flexible accumulation and the outsourcing of manufacturing from countries like the United States to less developed countries like Mexico and Malaysia. This has led to development and new jobs in Malaysia, lower prices for goods, and higher profits for manufacturers. However, lack of worker protection has resulted in low wages and poor working conditions for Malaysian workers. Lack of environmental regulations has led to serious pollution problems in formerly pristine areas. This has also resulted in fewer jobs and lower wages in the United States.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Analyzing

	13.	Globalization is also affecting the world’s environment. Identify three effects of human activity on the environment, and then choose one and discuss its consequences.

ANS:	
Possible effects include overfishing, population growth, limited access to water, pollution, and global warming. The consequences are almost always bad.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	What Is Globalization and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?
OBJ:	Describe globalization and its five key dynamics.	MSC:	Analyzing